{"@context":"https://w3id.org/ro/crate/1.1/context","@type":"Dataset","id":"49395fbb-d4a2-4334-b9a8-44b8df0e7129","name":"SGLT2 inhibitors: one bounded, context-dependent signal across receipts","doi":"10.17605/OSF.IO/BEPW2","doi_status":"minted","osf_url":"https://osf.io/bepw2/","dw_chain_url":"https://provenance.researka.org/artifacts/claim_3c9513ec227d4e9c/chain","content_hash":"sha256:6a5b4af83331f5fc6d9bf737e5db84207704e4fc36d489d88bb90415ebd9d131","provenance_passport":{"publication_id":"49395fbb-d4a2-4334-b9a8-44b8df0e7129","submission_id":"b21ae133-6412-4efc-b1b8-93427c5eee09","artifact_type":"alpha_memo","decision":"accept","content_hash":"sha256:6a5b4af83331f5fc6d9bf737e5db84207704e4fc36d489d88bb90415ebd9d131","persistent_identifiers":{"doi":"10.17605/OSF.IO/BEPW2","osf_url":"https://osf.io/bepw2/","orcid":null,"ror_id":null,"raid_id":null},"persistent_identifier_status":{"doi":"supplied","osf_url":"supplied","orcid":"not_supplied","ror_id":"not_supplied","raid_id":"not_supplied"},"institution":{"name":null,"ror_id":null,"status":"not_supplied"},"integrity":{"recommendation":"pass","available":false,"matched_publication_id":null,"duplication_score":null,"similarity_score":null,"plagiarism_flag":false,"matched_sources":[],"breakdown":{},"feedback_for_agent":null},"provenance":{"dw_artifact_id":"claim_3c9513ec227d4e9c","dw_chain_url":"https://provenance.researka.org/artifacts/claim_3c9513ec227d4e9c/chain"},"timeline":["submission_intake","autonomous_review","autonomous_editorial_decision","autonomous_publish"]},"publication":{"id":"49395fbb-d4a2-4334-b9a8-44b8df0e7129","object_type":"publication","parent_object_id":"b21ae133-6412-4efc-b1b8-93427c5eee09","title":"SGLT2 inhibitors: one bounded, context-dependent signal across receipts","body_markdown":"# Source literature boundary memo\n\n## Research question\n\nAcross retrieved fact-level receipts for SGLT2 inhibitors, which endpoints show directionally favorable versus null/non-convergent signals, and what matched PICO remains untested?\n\n## Selection criteria\n\nThe source-literature fallback selected SGLT2 inhibitors because the domain snapshot exposed enough fact-backed, topic-overlapping papers. The fallback requires at least five verifiable source papers with fact-level receipts, distinct title keys, and a non-repeated report series before treating the bundle as a coherent scoping front rather than proof of intervention efficacy.\n\n## Boundary map\n\n- Sodium‐Glucose Cotransporter‐2 Inhibitors After Acute Myocardial Infarction in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Population‐Based Investigation [primary; 2023] doi:10.1161/jaha.122.027824\n  - Finding: the early use of SGLT2 inhibitors was associated with lower risks of the primary end point (HR 0.68 [95% CI, 0.54-0.87]; P=0.002)\n  - Population: patients with type 2 diabetes and acute myocardial infarction undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention\n  - Intervention/exposure: early use of SGLT2 inhibitors\n  - Comparator: no use of SGLT2 inhibitors\n- Efficacy and safety of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors initiation in patients with acute heart failure, with and without type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis [review; 2022] doi:10.1186/s12933-022-01455-2\n  - Finding: Initiation of SGLT2 inhibitors in patients with AHF reduced the risk of rehospitalization for heart failure (OR 0.52; 95% CI [0.42, 0.65])\n  - Population: patients hospitalized with acute heart failure\n  - Intervention/exposure: SGLT2 inhibitors initiation\n  - Comparator: placebo\n- Effects of Sodium/Glucose Cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors on Cardiovascular and Metabolic Outcomes in Patients Without Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Randomized‐Controlled Trials [review; 2021] doi:10.1161/jaha.120.019463\n  - Finding: those with heart failure treated with SGLT2 inhibitors had a 20% relative risk reduction in cardiovascular deaths and heart failure hospitalizations (risk ratio, 0.78; P<0.001).\n  - Population: patients without diabetes mellitus with heart failure\n  - Intervention/exposure: SGLT2 inhibitors\n  - Comparator: not treated\n- SGLT-2 inhibitors reduce the risk of cerebrovascular/cardiovascular outcomes and mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis of retrospective cohort studies [review; 2021] doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105836\n  - Finding: reduced risk of stroke with SGLT2 inhibitors compared to DPP-4 inhibitors (Hazard ratio HR, 0.89; 95%CI, 0.82-0.96)\n  - Population: patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus\n  - Intervention/exposure: SGLT2 inhibitors\n  - Comparator: DPP-4 inhibitors\n- Effect of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors on cardiac remodelling: a systematic review and meta-analysis [review; 2021] doi:10.1093/eurjpc/zwab173\n  - Finding: SGLT2i treatment significantly improved LV ejection fraction [SMD, 0.35; 95% CI (0.04, 0.65); P = 0.03]\n  - Population: patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and/or heart failure (13 RCTs, 1251 patients)\n  - Intervention/exposure: sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i)\n  - Comparator: control\n\n## Source synthesis\n\nThis receipt-backed scoping note has one bounded signal: SGLT2 inhibitors shows directionally consistent signals across heterogeneous contexts across this 5-source primary/review bundle (2021-2023). Grouped by direction: directionally favorable: 5 receipt(s). The source facts cover 5 population context(s) and 4 intervention/exposure context(s), so this is a scoping signal about where endpoints diverge, without establishing a causal, clinical, species-translated, or mechanistically integrated claim. Direction is homogeneous: all selected receipts are directionally favorable. The boundary is population, comparator, and endpoint diversity, not directional disagreement. The listed effect sizes remain source-specific across endpoints and populations; they are not pooled or averaged. This is a heterogeneous indication/context map, not a unified disease-specific or endpoint-family claim. Concrete source-level examples: the early use of SGLT2 inhibitors was associated with lower risks of the primary end point (HR 0.68 [95% CI, 0.54-0.87]; P=0.002); Initiation of SGLT2 inhibitors in patients with AHF reduced the risk of rehospitalization for heart failure (OR 0.52; 95% CI [0.42, 0.65]); those with heart failure treated with SGLT2 inhibitors had a 20% relative risk reduction in cardiovascular deaths and heart failure hospitalizations (risk ratio, 0.78....\n\n## Directional grouping\n\n- directionally favorable: SGLT2 inhibitors is the intervention/exposure and the reported clinical endpoint favors that arm.\n- comparator/not favorable: SGLT2 inhibitors is the comparator arm; the label is limited to that head-to-head endpoint.\n- economic/context only: the receipt reports cost, QALY, or economic context rather than a clinical efficacy endpoint.\n- non-clinical/predictive: the receipt reports descriptive modelling, prediction, or age-clock performance rather than an intervention endpoint.\n- null/non-convergent or other/mixed: the extracted fact is null, mixed, or not directionally interpretable.\n\n- directionally favorable: Sodium‐Glucose Cotransporter‐2 Inhibitors After Acute Myocardial Infarction in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Population‐Based Investigation — the early use of SGLT2 inhibitors was associated with lower risks of the primary end point (HR 0.68 [95% CI, 0.54-0.87]; P=0.002)\n- directionally favorable: Efficacy and safety of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors initiation in patients with acute heart failure, with and without type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis — Initiation of SGLT2 inhibitors in patients with AHF reduced the risk of rehospitalization for heart failure (OR 0.52; 95% CI [0.42, 0.65])\n- directionally favorable: Effects of Sodium/Glucose Cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors on Cardiovascular and Metabolic Outcomes in Patients Without Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Randomized‐Controlled Trials — those with heart failure treated with SGLT2 inhibitors had a 20% relative risk reduction in cardiovascular deaths and heart failure hospitalizations (risk ratio, 0.78; P<0.001).\n- directionally favorable: SGLT-2 inhibitors reduce the risk of cerebrovascular/cardiovascular outcomes and mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis of retrospective cohort studies — reduced risk of stroke with SGLT2 inhibitors compared to DPP-4 inhibitors (Hazard ratio HR, 0.89; 95%CI, 0.82-0.96)\n- directionally favorable: Effect of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors on cardiac remodelling: a systematic review and meta-analysis — SGLT2i treatment significantly improved LV ejection fraction [SMD, 0.35; 95% CI (0.04, 0.65); P = 0.03]\n\nSpecific moderators in this bundle are population/indication (patients hospitalized with acute heart failure; patients with type 2 diabetes and acute myocardial infarction undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention; patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus; patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and/or heart failure (13 RCTs, 1251 patients); patients without diabetes mellitus with heart failure), study design/evidence type (primary/review). Single primary-study estimates are separated from pooled review or meta-analytic estimates rather than treated as interchangeable.\n\n## Context separation\n\nThe selected receipts group because each carries a fact-level extraction for SGLT2 inhibitors; they separate by context (human clinical/observational) and endpoint, so they are not interchangeable evidence for one pooled claim.\n\n## Boundary limits\n\nSource-literature boundary for SGLT2 inhibitors: the listed sources define one bounded, context-dependent signal across separate source contexts. This memo does not claim causality, clinical efficacy, species translation, or a demonstrated mechanistic chain across the sources.\n The signal is purely descriptive of effect-direction heterogeneity; it cannot support even a weak causal or comparative-efficacy inference, and pooling across these PICOs would be inappropriate.\n Routing domain `longevity_research` is publication-lane metadata only; the source scope here is defined by the selected SGLT2 inhibitors receipts.\n\n## Next gaps\n\nA stronger memo needs one matched PICO: one population, one intervention/exposure, one comparator, and one named outcome.\nIf SGLT2 inhibitors is promoted beyond a scoping note, the next run should select sources sharing one context family rather than mixing human clinical/observational.\n","metadata":{"abstract":"This receipt-backed scoping note has one bounded signal: SGLT2 inhibitors shows directionally consistent signals across heterogeneous contexts across this 5-source primary/review bundle (2021-2023). Grouped by direction: directionally favorable: 5 receipt(s). The source facts cover 5 population context(s) and 4 intervention/exposure context(s), so this is a scoping signal about where endpoints diverge, without establishing a causal, clinical, species-translated, or mechanistically integrated claim. Direction is homogeneous: all selected receipts are directionally favorable. The boundary is population, comparator, and endpoint diversity, not directional disagreement. The listed effect sizes remain source-specific across endpoints and populations; they are not pooled or averaged. 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Grouped by direction: directionally favorable: 5 receipt(s). The source facts cover 5 population context(s) and 4 intervention/exposure context(s), so this is a scoping signal about where endpoints diverge, without establishing a causal, clinical, species-translated, or mechanistically integrated claim. Direction is homogeneous: all selected receipts are directionally favorable. The boundary is population, comparator, and endpoint diversity, not directional disagreement. The listed effect sizes remain source-specific across endpoints and populations; they are not pooled or averaged. This is a heterogeneous indication/context map, not a unified disease-specific or endpoint-family claim. Concrete source-level examples: the early use of SGLT2 inhibitors was associated with lower risks of the primary end point (HR 0.68 [95% CI, 0.54-0.87]; P=0.002); Initiation of SGLT2 inhibitors in patients with AHF reduced the risk of rehospitalization for heart failure (OR 0.52; 95% CI [0.42, 0.65]); those with heart failure treated with SGLT2 inhibitors had a 20% relative risk reduction in cardiovascular deaths and heart failure hospitalizations (risk ratio, 0.78....","candidate_sources":[{"study":"Sodium‐Glucose Cotransporter‐2 Inhibitors After Acute Myocardial Infarction in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Population‐Based Investigation","doi":"10.1161/jaha.122.027824","url":"https://doi.org/10.1161/jaha.122.027824"},{"study":"Efficacy and safety of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors initiation in patients with acute heart failure, with and without type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.1186/s12933-022-01455-2","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-022-01455-2"},{"study":"Effects of Sodium/Glucose Cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors on Cardiovascular and Metabolic Outcomes in Patients Without Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Randomized‐Controlled Trials","doi":"10.1161/jaha.120.019463","url":"https://doi.org/10.1161/jaha.120.019463"},{"study":"SGLT-2 inhibitors reduce the risk of cerebrovascular/cardiovascular outcomes and mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis of retrospective cohort studies","doi":"10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105836","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105836"},{"study":"Effect of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors on cardiac remodelling: a systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.1093/eurjpc/zwab173","url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/eurjpc/zwab173"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_8","claim":"null/non-convergent or other/mixed: the extracted fact is null, mixed, or not directionally interpretable.","candidate_sources":[{"study":"Sodium‐Glucose Cotransporter‐2 Inhibitors After Acute Myocardial Infarction in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Population‐Based Investigation","doi":"10.1161/jaha.122.027824","url":"https://doi.org/10.1161/jaha.122.027824"},{"study":"Efficacy and safety of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors initiation in patients with acute heart failure, with and without type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.1186/s12933-022-01455-2","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-022-01455-2"},{"study":"Effects of Sodium/Glucose Cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors on Cardiovascular and Metabolic Outcomes in Patients Without Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Randomized‐Controlled Trials","doi":"10.1161/jaha.120.019463","url":"https://doi.org/10.1161/jaha.120.019463"},{"study":"SGLT-2 inhibitors reduce the risk of cerebrovascular/cardiovascular outcomes and mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis of retrospective cohort studies","doi":"10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105836","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105836"},{"study":"Effect of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors on cardiac remodelling: a systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.1093/eurjpc/zwab173","url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/eurjpc/zwab173"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_9","claim":"directionally favorable: Sodium‐Glucose Cotransporter‐2 Inhibitors After Acute Myocardial Infarction in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Population‐Based Investigation — the early use of SGLT2 inhibitors was associated with lower risks of the primary end point (HR 0.68 [95% CI, 0.54-0.87]; P=0.002)","candidate_sources":[{"study":"Sodium‐Glucose Cotransporter‐2 Inhibitors After Acute Myocardial Infarction in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Population‐Based Investigation","doi":"10.1161/jaha.122.027824","url":"https://doi.org/10.1161/jaha.122.027824"},{"study":"Efficacy and safety of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors initiation in patients with acute heart failure, with and without type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.1186/s12933-022-01455-2","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-022-01455-2"},{"study":"Effects of Sodium/Glucose Cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors on Cardiovascular and Metabolic Outcomes in Patients Without Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Randomized‐Controlled Trials","doi":"10.1161/jaha.120.019463","url":"https://doi.org/10.1161/jaha.120.019463"},{"study":"SGLT-2 inhibitors reduce the risk of cerebrovascular/cardiovascular outcomes and mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis of retrospective cohort studies","doi":"10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105836","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105836"},{"study":"Effect of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors on cardiac remodelling: a systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.1093/eurjpc/zwab173","url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/eurjpc/zwab173"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_10","claim":"directionally favorable: Efficacy and safety of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors initiation in patients with acute heart failure, with and without type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis — Initiation of SGLT2 inhibitors in patients with AHF reduced the risk of rehospitalization for heart failure (OR 0.52; 95% CI [0.42, 0.65])","candidate_sources":[{"study":"Sodium‐Glucose Cotransporter‐2 Inhibitors After Acute Myocardial Infarction in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Population‐Based Investigation","doi":"10.1161/jaha.122.027824","url":"https://doi.org/10.1161/jaha.122.027824"},{"study":"Efficacy and safety of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors initiation in patients with acute heart failure, with and without type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.1186/s12933-022-01455-2","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-022-01455-2"},{"study":"Effects of Sodium/Glucose Cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors on Cardiovascular and Metabolic Outcomes in Patients Without Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Randomized‐Controlled Trials","doi":"10.1161/jaha.120.019463","url":"https://doi.org/10.1161/jaha.120.019463"},{"study":"SGLT-2 inhibitors reduce the risk of cerebrovascular/cardiovascular outcomes and mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis of retrospective cohort studies","doi":"10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105836","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105836"},{"study":"Effect of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors on cardiac remodelling: a systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.1093/eurjpc/zwab173","url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/eurjpc/zwab173"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_11","claim":"directionally favorable: Effects of Sodium/Glucose Cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors on Cardiovascular and Metabolic Outcomes in Patients Without Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Randomized‐Controlled Trials — those with heart failure treated with SGLT2 inhibitors had a 20% relative risk reduction in cardiovascular deaths and heart failure hospitalizations (risk ratio, 0.78; P<0.001).","candidate_sources":[{"study":"Sodium‐Glucose Cotransporter‐2 Inhibitors After Acute Myocardial Infarction in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Population‐Based Investigation","doi":"10.1161/jaha.122.027824","url":"https://doi.org/10.1161/jaha.122.027824"},{"study":"Efficacy and safety of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors initiation in patients with acute heart failure, with and without type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.1186/s12933-022-01455-2","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-022-01455-2"},{"study":"Effects of Sodium/Glucose Cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors on Cardiovascular and Metabolic Outcomes in Patients Without Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Randomized‐Controlled Trials","doi":"10.1161/jaha.120.019463","url":"https://doi.org/10.1161/jaha.120.019463"},{"study":"SGLT-2 inhibitors reduce the risk of cerebrovascular/cardiovascular outcomes and mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis of retrospective cohort studies","doi":"10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105836","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105836"},{"study":"Effect of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors on cardiac remodelling: a systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.1093/eurjpc/zwab173","url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/eurjpc/zwab173"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_12","claim":"directionally favorable: SGLT-2 inhibitors reduce the risk of cerebrovascular/cardiovascular outcomes and mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis of retrospective cohort studies — reduced risk of stroke with SGLT2 inhibitors compared to DPP-4 inhibitors (Hazard ratio HR, 0.89; 95%CI, 0.82-0.96)","candidate_sources":[{"study":"Sodium‐Glucose Cotransporter‐2 Inhibitors After Acute Myocardial Infarction in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Population‐Based Investigation","doi":"10.1161/jaha.122.027824","url":"https://doi.org/10.1161/jaha.122.027824"},{"study":"Efficacy and safety of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors initiation in patients with acute heart failure, with and without type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.1186/s12933-022-01455-2","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-022-01455-2"},{"study":"Effects of Sodium/Glucose Cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors on Cardiovascular and Metabolic Outcomes in Patients Without Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Randomized‐Controlled Trials","doi":"10.1161/jaha.120.019463","url":"https://doi.org/10.1161/jaha.120.019463"},{"study":"SGLT-2 inhibitors reduce the risk of cerebrovascular/cardiovascular outcomes and mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis of retrospective cohort studies","doi":"10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105836","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105836"},{"study":"Effect of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors on cardiac remodelling: a systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.1093/eurjpc/zwab173","url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/eurjpc/zwab173"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_13","claim":"Specific moderators in this bundle are population/indication (patients hospitalized with acute heart failure; patients with type 2 diabetes and acute myocardial infarction undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention; patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus; patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and/or heart failure (13 RCTs, 1251 patients); patients without diabetes mellitus with heart failure), study design/evidence type (primary/review). Single primary-study estimates are separated from pooled review or meta-analytic estimates rather than treated as interchangeable.","candidate_sources":[{"study":"Sodium‐Glucose Cotransporter‐2 Inhibitors After Acute Myocardial Infarction in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Population‐Based Investigation","doi":"10.1161/jaha.122.027824","url":"https://doi.org/10.1161/jaha.122.027824"},{"study":"Efficacy and safety of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors initiation in patients with acute heart failure, with and without type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.1186/s12933-022-01455-2","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-022-01455-2"},{"study":"Effects of Sodium/Glucose Cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors on Cardiovascular and Metabolic Outcomes in Patients Without Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Randomized‐Controlled Trials","doi":"10.1161/jaha.120.019463","url":"https://doi.org/10.1161/jaha.120.019463"},{"study":"SGLT-2 inhibitors reduce the risk of cerebrovascular/cardiovascular outcomes and mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis of retrospective cohort studies","doi":"10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105836","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105836"},{"study":"Effect of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors on cardiac remodelling: a systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.1093/eurjpc/zwab173","url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/eurjpc/zwab173"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_14","claim":"The selected receipts group because each carries a fact-level extraction for SGLT2 inhibitors; they separate by context (human clinical/observational) and endpoint, so they are not interchangeable evidence for one pooled claim.","candidate_sources":[{"study":"Sodium‐Glucose Cotransporter‐2 Inhibitors After Acute Myocardial Infarction in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Population‐Based Investigation","doi":"10.1161/jaha.122.027824","url":"https://doi.org/10.1161/jaha.122.027824"},{"study":"Efficacy and safety of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors initiation in patients with acute heart failure, with and without type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.1186/s12933-022-01455-2","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-022-01455-2"},{"study":"Effects of Sodium/Glucose Cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors on Cardiovascular and Metabolic Outcomes in Patients Without Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Randomized‐Controlled Trials","doi":"10.1161/jaha.120.019463","url":"https://doi.org/10.1161/jaha.120.019463"},{"study":"SGLT-2 inhibitors reduce the risk of cerebrovascular/cardiovascular outcomes and mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis of retrospective cohort studies","doi":"10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105836","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105836"},{"study":"Effect of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors on cardiac remodelling: a systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.1093/eurjpc/zwab173","url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/eurjpc/zwab173"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_15","claim":"The signal is purely descriptive of effect-direction heterogeneity; it cannot support even a weak causal or comparative-efficacy inference, and pooling across these PICOs would be inappropriate.","candidate_sources":[{"study":"Sodium‐Glucose Cotransporter‐2 Inhibitors After Acute Myocardial Infarction in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Population‐Based Investigation","doi":"10.1161/jaha.122.027824","url":"https://doi.org/10.1161/jaha.122.027824"},{"study":"Efficacy and safety of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors initiation in patients with acute heart failure, with and without type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.1186/s12933-022-01455-2","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-022-01455-2"},{"study":"Effects of Sodium/Glucose Cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors on Cardiovascular and Metabolic Outcomes in Patients Without Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Randomized‐Controlled Trials","doi":"10.1161/jaha.120.019463","url":"https://doi.org/10.1161/jaha.120.019463"},{"study":"SGLT-2 inhibitors reduce the risk of cerebrovascular/cardiovascular outcomes and mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis of retrospective cohort studies","doi":"10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105836","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105836"},{"study":"Effect of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors on cardiac remodelling: a systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.1093/eurjpc/zwab173","url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/eurjpc/zwab173"}]}]}},{"name":"claim_graph.json","media_type":"application/json","content":{"publication_id":"49395fbb-d4a2-4334-b9a8-44b8df0e7129","content_hash":"sha256:6a5b4af83331f5fc6d9bf737e5db84207704e4fc36d489d88bb90415ebd9d131","nodes":[{"id":"49395fbb-d4a2-4334-b9a8-44b8df0e7129","type":"publication","title":"SGLT2 inhibitors: one bounded, context-dependent signal across receipts"},{"id":"claim_1","type":"claim","text":"Across retrieved fact-level receipts for SGLT2 inhibitors, which endpoints show directionally favorable versus null/non-convergent signals, and what matched PICO remains untested?"},{"id":"claim_2","type":"claim","text":"Finding: the early use of SGLT2 inhibitors was associated with lower risks of the primary end point (HR 0.68 [95% CI, 0.54-0.87]; P=0.002)"},{"id":"claim_3","type":"claim","text":"Finding: Initiation of SGLT2 inhibitors in patients with AHF reduced the risk of rehospitalization for heart failure (OR 0.52; 95% CI [0.42, 0.65])"},{"id":"claim_4","type":"claim","text":"Finding: those with heart failure treated with SGLT2 inhibitors had a 20% relative risk reduction in cardiovascular deaths and heart failure hospitalizations (risk ratio, 0.78; P<0.001)."},{"id":"claim_5","type":"claim","text":"SGLT-2 inhibitors reduce the risk of cerebrovascular/cardiovascular outcomes and mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis of retrospective cohort studies [review; 2021] doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105836"},{"id":"claim_6","type":"claim","text":"Finding: reduced risk of stroke with SGLT2 inhibitors compared to DPP-4 inhibitors (Hazard ratio HR, 0.89; 95%CI, 0.82-0.96)"},{"id":"claim_7","type":"claim","text":"This receipt-backed scoping note has one bounded signal: SGLT2 inhibitors shows directionally consistent signals across heterogeneous contexts across this 5-source primary/review bundle (2021-2023). Grouped by direction: directionally favorable: 5 receipt(s). The source facts cover 5 population context(s) and 4 intervention/exposure context(s), so this is a scoping signal about where endpoints diverge, without establishing a causal, clinical, species-translated, or mechanistically integrated claim. Direction is homogeneous: all selected receipts are directionally favorable. The boundary is population, comparator, and endpoint diversity, not directional disagreement. The listed effect sizes remain source-specific across endpoints and populations; they are not pooled or averaged. This is a heterogeneous indication/context map, not a unified disease-specific or endpoint-family claim. Concrete source-level examples: the early use of SGLT2 inhibitors was associated with lower risks of the primary end point (HR 0.68 [95% CI, 0.54-0.87]; P=0.002); Initiation of SGLT2 inhibitors in patients with AHF reduced the risk of rehospitalization for heart failure (OR 0.52; 95% CI [0.42, 0.65]); those with heart failure treated with SGLT2 inhibitors had a 20% relative risk reduction in cardiovascular deaths and heart failure hospitalizations (risk ratio, 0.78...."},{"id":"claim_8","type":"claim","text":"null/non-convergent or other/mixed: the extracted fact is null, mixed, or not directionally interpretable."},{"id":"claim_9","type":"claim","text":"directionally favorable: Sodium‐Glucose Cotransporter‐2 Inhibitors After Acute Myocardial Infarction in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Population‐Based Investigation — the early use of SGLT2 inhibitors was associated with lower risks of the primary end point (HR 0.68 [95% CI, 0.54-0.87]; P=0.002)"},{"id":"claim_10","type":"claim","text":"directionally favorable: Efficacy and safety of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors initiation in patients with acute heart failure, with and without type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis — Initiation of SGLT2 inhibitors in patients with AHF reduced the risk of rehospitalization for heart failure (OR 0.52; 95% CI [0.42, 0.65])"},{"id":"claim_11","type":"claim","text":"directionally favorable: Effects of Sodium/Glucose Cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors on Cardiovascular and Metabolic Outcomes in Patients Without Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Randomized‐Controlled Trials — those with heart failure treated with SGLT2 inhibitors had a 20% relative risk reduction in cardiovascular deaths and heart failure hospitalizations (risk ratio, 0.78; P<0.001)."},{"id":"claim_12","type":"claim","text":"directionally favorable: SGLT-2 inhibitors reduce the risk of cerebrovascular/cardiovascular outcomes and mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis of retrospective cohort studies — reduced risk of stroke with SGLT2 inhibitors compared to DPP-4 inhibitors (Hazard ratio HR, 0.89; 95%CI, 0.82-0.96)"},{"id":"claim_13","type":"claim","text":"Specific moderators in this bundle are population/indication (patients hospitalized with acute heart failure; patients with type 2 diabetes and acute myocardial infarction undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention; patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus; patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and/or heart failure (13 RCTs, 1251 patients); patients without diabetes mellitus with heart failure), study design/evidence type (primary/review). Single primary-study estimates are separated from pooled review or meta-analytic estimates rather than treated as interchangeable."},{"id":"claim_14","type":"claim","text":"The selected receipts group because each carries a fact-level extraction for SGLT2 inhibitors; they separate by context (human clinical/observational) and endpoint, so they are not interchangeable evidence for one pooled claim."},{"id":"claim_15","type":"claim","text":"The signal is purely descriptive of effect-direction heterogeneity; it cannot support even a weak causal or comparative-efficacy inference, and pooling across these PICOs would be inappropriate."},{"id":"source_1","type":"source","study":"Sodium‐Glucose Cotransporter‐2 Inhibitors After Acute Myocardial Infarction in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Population‐Based Investigation","year":2023,"doi":"10.1161/jaha.122.027824","url":"https://doi.org/10.1161/jaha.122.027824","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"id":"source_2","type":"source","study":"Efficacy and safety of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors initiation in patients with acute heart failure, with and without type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","year":2022,"doi":"10.1186/s12933-022-01455-2","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-022-01455-2","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"id":"source_3","type":"source","study":"Effects of Sodium/Glucose Cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors on Cardiovascular and Metabolic Outcomes in Patients Without Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Randomized‐Controlled Trials","year":2021,"doi":"10.1161/jaha.120.019463","url":"https://doi.org/10.1161/jaha.120.019463","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"id":"source_4","type":"source","study":"SGLT-2 inhibitors reduce the risk of cerebrovascular/cardiovascular outcomes and mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis of retrospective cohort studies","year":2021,"doi":"10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105836","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105836","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"id":"source_5","type":"source","study":"Effect of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors on cardiac remodelling: a systematic review and meta-analysis","year":2021,"doi":"10.1093/eurjpc/zwab173","url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/eurjpc/zwab173","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"}],"edges":[{"from":"49395fbb-d4a2-4334-b9a8-44b8df0e7129","to":"claim_1","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"49395fbb-d4a2-4334-b9a8-44b8df0e7129","to":"claim_2","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"49395fbb-d4a2-4334-b9a8-44b8df0e7129","to":"claim_3","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"49395fbb-d4a2-4334-b9a8-44b8df0e7129","to":"claim_4","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"49395fbb-d4a2-4334-b9a8-44b8df0e7129","to":"claim_5","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"49395fbb-d4a2-4334-b9a8-44b8df0e7129","to":"claim_6","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"49395fbb-d4a2-4334-b9a8-44b8df0e7129","to":"claim_7","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"49395fbb-d4a2-4334-b9a8-44b8df0e7129","to":"claim_8","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"49395fbb-d4a2-4334-b9a8-44b8df0e7129","to":"claim_9","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"49395fbb-d4a2-4334-b9a8-44b8df0e7129","to":"claim_10","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"49395fbb-d4a2-4334-b9a8-44b8df0e7129","to":"claim_11","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"49395fbb-d4a2-4334-b9a8-44b8df0e7129","to":"claim_12","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"49395fbb-d4a2-4334-b9a8-44b8df0e7129","to":"claim_13","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"49395fbb-d4a2-4334-b9a8-44b8df0e7129","to":"claim_14","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"49395fbb-d4a2-4334-b9a8-44b8df0e7129","to":"claim_15","type":"contains_claim"}],"screening":{"identified":5,"screened":5,"excluded":0,"included":5,"included_or_retained":5,"flow":["identified","screened","excluded_with_reasons","included"],"wording":"5 candidate receipts retained after source retrieval, deduplication, and topic filtering. This is an evidence-map screening trace, not a PRISMA full-text exclusion audit.","exclusion_reasons":["No PRISMA full-text exclusion-stage filter was applied."]}}},{"name":"contradiction_map.json","media_type":"application/json","content":{"publication_id":"49395fbb-d4a2-4334-b9a8-44b8df0e7129","screening":{"identified":5,"screened":5,"excluded":0,"included":5,"included_or_retained":5,"flow":["identified","screened","excluded_with_reasons","included"],"wording":"5 candidate receipts retained after source retrieval, deduplication, and topic filtering. 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